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Interventions in the reduced fasting time group (n = 139)

Normal meals were served until the day before surgery and carbohydrate-rich drinks were supplied until 2 hours before TLDG. A small amount of water and carbohydrate-rich drinks were provided from 6 hours after TLDG to postoperative day (POD) 1. The patients were advised to have a clear liquid diet on POD 2, a full liquid diet on POD 3, and a soft diet on POD 4 if tolerated without abdominal discomfort or nausea and vomiting. If a patient had difficulty progressing to oral feeding, their diet schedule was postponed by about 1 day. The dietary schedule was designed to keep the total perioperative fasting time under 12 hours. Patients received 30 mL/kg/day of intravenous fluid administration until POD 4; the amount was limited to avoid fluid overload. Hospital discharge was recommended on POD 6 when it was determined that the patient could maintain their diet regimen.